diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8df3fece..0543b9de 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@
 ## Installation
 
 ```bash
-pip install psutil numpy ray torch
-pip install git+https://github.com/huggingface/transformers  # Required for LLaMA.
-pip install sentencepiece  # Required for LlamaTokenizer.
-pip install ninja  # To parallelize the compilation of flash-attn.
-pip install flash-attn  # This may take up to 10 mins.
+pip install ninja psutil numpy sentencepiece ray torch transformers xformers
 pip install -e .
 ```
 
diff --git a/cacheflow/master/server.py b/cacheflow/master/server.py
index 6f28b96f..b0296513 100644
--- a/cacheflow/master/server.py
+++ b/cacheflow/master/server.py
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ def add_server_arguments(parser: argparse.ArgumentParser):
     parser.add_argument('--use-np-cache', action='store_true',
                         help='save a numpy copy of model weights for faster loading')
     parser.add_argument('--use-dummy-weights', action='store_true', help='use dummy values for model weights')
-    # NOTE(woosuk): FlashAttention does not support float32.
+    # TODO(woosuk): Support FP32 for debugging.
     parser.add_argument('--dtype', type=str, default='default', choices=['default', 'half', 'bfloat16'],
                         help=('data type for model weights and activations. '
                               'The "default" option will use FP16 precision '
diff --git a/cacheflow/models/attention.py b/cacheflow/models/attention.py
index 4c085644..179fbd0b 100644
--- a/cacheflow/models/attention.py
+++ b/cacheflow/models/attention.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from typing import Optional
 
-from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import _flash_attn_forward
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
+from xformers import ops as xops
 
 from cacheflow import attention_ops
 from cacheflow import cache_ops
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ class GPTCacheFlowAttention(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, scale: float) -> None:
         super().__init__()
         self.scale = float(scale)
+        self.attn_op = xops.fmha.cutlass.FwOp()
 
     def multi_query_kv_attention(
         self,
@@ -22,32 +23,21 @@ class GPTCacheFlowAttention(nn.Module):
         query: torch.Tensor,                    # [num_prompt_tokens, num_heads, head_size]
         key: torch.Tensor,                      # [num_prompt_tokens, num_heads, head_size]
         value: torch.Tensor,                    # [num_prompt_tokens, num_heads, head_size]
-        cumulative_prompt_lens: torch.Tensor,   # [num_prompts + 1]
-        max_prompt_len: int,
+        attn_bias: xops.AttentionBias,
     ) -> None:
-        if query.dtype == torch.float:
-            raise ValueError('The float data type is not supported by '
-                             'FlashAttention. Use the half data type instead.')
-        head_size = query.shape[-1]
-        if head_size > 128:
-            raise ValueError('FlashAttention does not support head_size > 128.')
-
-        # Directly call FlashAttention's internal function to avoid allocating
-        # a new tensor for the output.
-        _flash_attn_forward(
-            query,
-            key,
-            value,
-            output,
-            cumulative_prompt_lens,
-            cumulative_prompt_lens,
-            max_prompt_len,
-            max_prompt_len,
-            dropout_p=0.0,
-            softmax_scale=self.scale,
-            causal=True,
-            return_softmax=False,
+        # TODO(woosuk): The unsqueeze op may incur some CPU overhead. Optimize.
+        out = xops.memory_efficient_attention_forward(
+            query.unsqueeze(0),
+            key.unsqueeze(0),
+            value.unsqueeze(0),
+            attn_bias=attn_bias,
+            p=0.0,
+            scale=self.scale,
+            op=self.attn_op,
         )
+        # TODO(woosuk): Unnecessary copy. Optimize.
+        output.copy_(out.squeeze(0))
+        return output
 
     def single_query_cached_kv_attention(
         self,
@@ -109,8 +99,7 @@ class GPTCacheFlowAttention(nn.Module):
                 query[:num_prompt_tokens],
                 key[:num_prompt_tokens],
                 value[:num_prompt_tokens],
-                input_metadata.cumulative_prompt_lens,
-                input_metadata.max_prompt_len,
+                input_metadata.attn_bias,
             )
 
         # Wait until the cache op is done.
@@ -143,13 +132,6 @@ class GPTCacheFlowAttention(nn.Module):
         return output.view(-1, num_heads * head_size)
 
 
-class OPTCacheFlowAttention(GPTCacheFlowAttention):
-    """OPT uses the same attention mechanism as GPT."""
-
-    def __init__(self, scale: float) -> None:
-        super().__init__(scale)
-
-
 class GPTNeoXCacheFlowAttention(GPTCacheFlowAttention):
     """Attention with GPT-NeoX style rotary embedding."""
 
@@ -207,7 +189,3 @@ class GPTNeoXCacheFlowAttention(GPTCacheFlowAttention):
             input_metadata,
             cache_event,
         )
-
-
-class LlamaCacheFlowAttention(GPTNeoXCacheFlowAttention):
-    """LLaMA uses the GPT-NeoX style rotary embedding."""
diff --git a/cacheflow/models/input_metadata.py b/cacheflow/models/input_metadata.py
index c61bfff2..943524c9 100644
--- a/cacheflow/models/input_metadata.py
+++ b/cacheflow/models/input_metadata.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from typing import List, Dict, Tuple
 
 import torch
+from xformers.ops.fmha.attn_bias import BlockDiagonalCausalMask
 
 from cacheflow.sampling_params import SamplingParams
 
@@ -12,7 +13,6 @@ class InputMetadata:
         seq_groups: List[Tuple[List[int], SamplingParams]],
         seq_logprobs: Dict[int, float],                         # Seq id -> cumulative logprobs.
         prompt_lens: List[int],
-        cumulative_prompt_lens: torch.Tensor,
         slot_mapping: torch.Tensor,
         context_lens: torch.Tensor,
         max_context_len: int,
@@ -21,15 +21,14 @@ class InputMetadata:
         self.seq_groups = seq_groups
         self.seq_logprobs = seq_logprobs
         self.prompt_lens = prompt_lens
-        self.cumulative_prompt_lens = cumulative_prompt_lens
         self.slot_mapping = slot_mapping
         self.context_lens = context_lens
         self.max_context_len = max_context_len
         self.block_tables = block_tables
 
+        self.attn_bias = BlockDiagonalCausalMask.from_seqlens(prompt_lens)
         self.num_prompts = len(prompt_lens)
         self.num_prompt_tokens = sum(prompt_lens)
-        self.max_prompt_len = max(prompt_lens) if prompt_lens else 0
         self.num_generation_tokens = context_lens.shape[0]
         self.num_valid_tokens = slot_mapping.shape[0]
         if block_tables.numel() > 0:
@@ -41,15 +40,13 @@ class InputMetadata:
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return (f'InputMetadata('
-                f'num_prompts={self.num_prompts}, '
-                f'num_prompt_tokens={self.num_prompt_tokens}, '
-                f'max_prompt_len={self.max_prompt_len}, '
-                f'num_generation_tokens={self.num_generation_tokens}, '
                 f'num_valid_tokens={self.num_valid_tokens}, '
-                f'max_num_blocks_per_seq={self.max_num_blocks_per_seq}, '
-                f'max_context_len={self.max_context_len}), '
+                f'num_prompt_tokens={self.num_prompt_tokens}, '
+                f'num_prompts={self.num_prompts}, '
                 f'prompt_lens={self.prompt_lens}, '
-                f'cumulative_prompt_lens={self.cumulative_prompt_lens}, '
-                f'slot_mapping={self.slot_mapping}, '
+                f'num_generation_tokens={self.num_generation_tokens}, '
                 f'context_lens={self.context_lens}, '
-                f'block_tables={self.block_tables})')
+                f'max_context_len={self.max_context_len}), '
+                f'max_num_blocks_per_seq={self.max_num_blocks_per_seq}, '
+                f'block_tables={self.block_tables}), '
+                f'slot_mapping={self.slot_mapping}')
diff --git a/cacheflow/models/llama.py b/cacheflow/models/llama.py
index 70665030..0669742d 100644
--- a/cacheflow/models/llama.py
+++ b/cacheflow/models/llama.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from transformers import LlamaConfig
 
 from cacheflow.models import InputMetadata
 from cacheflow.models.activation import SiluAndMul
-from cacheflow.models.attention import LlamaCacheFlowAttention
+from cacheflow.models.attention import GPTNeoXCacheFlowAttention
 from cacheflow.models.layernorm import RMSNorm
 from cacheflow.models.sample import Sampler
 from cacheflow.models.utils import (hf_model_weights_iterator,
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class LlamaAttention(nn.Module):
             input_is_parallel=True,
             perform_initialization=False,
         )
-        self.attn = LlamaCacheFlowAttention(self.scaling, self.head_dim)
+        self.attn = GPTNeoXCacheFlowAttention(self.scaling, self.head_dim)
 
     def forward(
         self,
diff --git a/cacheflow/models/memory_analyzer.py b/cacheflow/models/memory_analyzer.py
index 2f15052a..0adc2e79 100644
--- a/cacheflow/models/memory_analyzer.py
+++ b/cacheflow/models/memory_analyzer.py
@@ -202,8 +202,8 @@ class OPTMemoryAnalyzer(CacheFlowMemoryAnalyzer):
         # estimating
         # 1) the maximum activation tensor size during inference
         # 2) the residual tensor size during inference
-        # Here, we assume that FlashAttention is used and
-        # thus the attention maps are never materialized in GPU DRAM.
+        # Here, we assume that we use memory-efficient attention which
+        # does not materialize the attention maps in GPU DRAM.
         residual = max_num_batched_tokens * self.hidden_size
         qkv = 3 * (max_num_batched_tokens * self.hidden_size) // self.tensor_parallel_size
         ffn = max_num_batched_tokens * self.ffn_size // self.tensor_parallel_size
@@ -277,8 +277,8 @@ class LlamaMemoryAnalyzer(CacheFlowMemoryAnalyzer):
         # estimating
         # 1) the maximum activation tensor size during inference
         # 2) the residual tensor size during inference
-        # Here, we assume that FlashAttention is used and
-        # thus the attention maps are never materialized in GPU DRAM.
+        # Here, we assume that we use memory-efficient attention which
+        # does not materialize the attention maps in GPU DRAM.
         residual = max_num_batched_tokens * self.hidden_size
         qkv = 3 * (max_num_batched_tokens * self.hidden_size) // self.tensor_parallel_size
         ffn = 2 * (max_num_batched_tokens * self.ffn_size) // self.tensor_parallel_size
@@ -353,8 +353,8 @@ class GPTNeoXMemoryAnalyzer(CacheFlowMemoryAnalyzer):
         # estimating
         # 1) the maximum activation tensor size during inference
         # 2) the residual tensor size during inference
-        # Here, we assume that FlashAttention is used and
-        # thus the attention maps are never materialized in GPU DRAM.
+        # Here, we assume that we use memory-efficient attention which
+        # does not materialize the attention maps in GPU DRAM.
         residual = max_num_batched_tokens * self.hidden_size
         qkv = 3 * (max_num_batched_tokens * self.hidden_size) // self.tensor_parallel_size
         ffn = 2 * (max_num_batched_tokens * self.ffn_size) // self.tensor_parallel_size
diff --git a/cacheflow/models/opt.py b/cacheflow/models/opt.py
index 79b81cd0..4f1e729c 100644
--- a/cacheflow/models/opt.py
+++ b/cacheflow/models/opt.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from torch import nn
 from transformers import OPTConfig
 
 from cacheflow.models import InputMetadata
-from cacheflow.models.attention import OPTCacheFlowAttention
+from cacheflow.models.attention import GPTCacheFlowAttention
 from cacheflow.models.sample import Sampler
 from cacheflow.models.utils import (hf_model_weights_iterator,
                                     load_tensor_parallel_weights)
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class OPTAttention(nn.Module):
         self.out_proj = RowParallelLinear(embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=bias,
                                           input_is_parallel=True,
                                           perform_initialization=False)
-        self.attn = OPTCacheFlowAttention(scale=self.scaling)
+        self.attn = GPTCacheFlowAttention(scale=self.scaling)
 
     def forward(
         self,
diff --git a/cacheflow/worker/worker.py b/cacheflow/worker/worker.py
index 9b76d04e..59001b9d 100644
--- a/cacheflow/worker/worker.py
+++ b/cacheflow/worker/worker.py
@@ -136,11 +136,6 @@ class Worker:
                 slot = block_number * self.block_size + block_offset
                 slot_mapping.append(slot)
 
-        cumulative_prompt_lens: List[int] = [0]
-        for prompt_len in prompt_lens:
-            cumulative_prompt_lens.append(
-                cumulative_prompt_lens[-1] + prompt_len)
-
         # Add generation tokens.
         max_context_len = 0
         max_num_blocks_per_seq = 0
@@ -196,14 +191,11 @@ class Worker:
             for block_table in generation_block_tables]
         block_tables_tensor = torch.tensor(
             padded_block_tables, dtype=torch.int, device='cuda')
-        cumulative_prompt_lens_tensor = torch.tensor(
-            cumulative_prompt_lens, dtype=torch.int, device='cuda')
 
         input_metadata = InputMetadata(
             seq_groups=seq_groups,
             seq_logprobs=seq_logprobs,
             prompt_lens=prompt_lens,
-            cumulative_prompt_lens=cumulative_prompt_lens_tensor,
             slot_mapping=slot_mapping_tensor,
             context_lens=context_lens_tensor,
             max_context_len=max_context_len,
diff --git a/tests/kernels/activation.py b/tests/kernels/activation.py
index 3d9a9a64..b35bea61 100644
--- a/tests/kernels/activation.py
+++ b/tests/kernels/activation.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def test_silu_and_mul(
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    for dtype in [torch.half, torch.float]:
+    for dtype in [torch.half, torch.bfloat16, torch.float]:
         for num_tokens in [7, 83, 2048]:
             for d in [512, 4096, 13824]:
                 print(f'Testing dtype={dtype}, num_tokens={num_tokens}, d={d}')
diff --git a/tests/kernels/attention.py b/tests/kernels/attention.py
index 4567315d..ae46fd6b 100644
--- a/tests/kernels/attention.py
+++ b/tests/kernels/attention.py
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import random
 from typing import List, Optional
 
-from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import _flash_attn_forward
 import torch
+from xformers import ops as xops
+from xformers.ops.fmha.attn_bias import BlockDiagonalCausalMask
 
 from cacheflow import attention_ops
 
@@ -81,8 +82,10 @@ def ref_multi_query_kv_attention(
         end_idx = cu_seq_lens[i + 1]
         seq_len = end_idx - start_idx
 
-        # Create attention mask
-        attn_mask = torch.triu(torch.ones(seq_len, seq_len), diagonal=1) * -1e5
+        # Create attention mask.
+        attn_mask = torch.triu(
+            torch.ones(seq_len, seq_len, dtype=dtype), diagonal=1)
+        attn_mask = attn_mask * torch.finfo(dtype).min
         attn_mask = attn_mask.to(dtype=dtype, device='cuda')
 
         ref_output = ref_masked_attention(
@@ -160,21 +163,20 @@ def test_single_query_cached_kv_attention(
     num_blocks: int,
     dtype: torch.dtype,
 ) -> None:
-    qkv = torch.randn(
+    qkv = torch.empty(
         num_tokens, 3, num_heads, head_size, dtype=dtype, device='cuda')
+    qkv.uniform_(-1e-3, 1e-3)
     query, _, _ = qkv.unbind(dim=1)
+
     x = 16 // torch.tensor([], dtype=dtype).element_size()
     key_block_shape = (num_heads, head_size // x, block_size, x)
-    key_cache = torch.randn(
+    key_cache = torch.empty(
         size=(num_blocks, *key_block_shape), dtype=dtype, device='cuda')
+    key_cache.uniform_(-1e-3, 1e-3)
     value_block_shape = (num_heads, head_size, block_size)
-    value_cache = torch.randn(
+    value_cache = torch.empty(
         size=(num_blocks, *value_block_shape), dtype=dtype, device='cuda')
-
-    # Adjust the range of the values to reduce precision errors.
-    query = query / (head_size ** 0.5)
-    key_cache = key_cache / (head_size ** 0.5)
-    value_cache = value_cache / (head_size ** 0.5)
+    value_cache.uniform_(-1e-3, 1e-3)
 
     context_lens = [random.randint(1, MAX_SEQ_LEN) for _ in range(num_tokens)] 
     max_context_len = max(context_lens)
@@ -228,39 +230,30 @@ def test_multi_query_kv_attention(
     dtype: torch.dtype,
 ) -> None:
     seq_lens = random.sample(range(1, MAX_SEQ_LEN), num_seqs)
-    max_seq_len = max(seq_lens)
     num_tokens = sum(seq_lens)
 
+    scale = float(1.0 / (head_size ** 0.5))
+    qkv = torch.empty(
+        num_tokens, 3, num_heads, head_size, dtype=dtype, device='cuda')
+    qkv.uniform_(-1e-3, 1e-3)
+    query, key, value = qkv.unbind(dim=1)
+
+    attn_op = xops.fmha.cutlass.FwOp()
+    attn_bias = BlockDiagonalCausalMask.from_seqlens(seq_lens)
+    output = xops.memory_efficient_attention_forward(
+        query.unsqueeze(0),
+        key.unsqueeze(0),
+        value.unsqueeze(0),
+        attn_bias=attn_bias,
+        p=0.0,
+        scale=scale,
+        op=attn_op,
+    )
+    output = output.squeeze(0)
+
     cu_seq_lens = [0]
     for seq_len in seq_lens:
         cu_seq_lens.append(cu_seq_lens[-1] + seq_len)
-    cu_seq_lens = torch.tensor(cu_seq_lens, dtype=torch.int, device='cuda')
-
-    scale = float(1.0 / (head_size ** 0.5))
-    qkv = torch.randn(
-        num_tokens, 3, num_heads, head_size, dtype=dtype, device='cuda')
-    # Adjust the range of the values to reduce precision errors.
-    qkv = qkv / (head_size ** 0.5)
-
-    query, key, value = qkv.unbind(dim=1)
-    output = torch.empty(
-        num_tokens, num_heads, head_size, dtype=dtype, device='cuda')
-    _flash_attn_forward(
-        query,
-        key,
-        value,
-        output,
-        cu_seq_lens,
-        cu_seq_lens,
-        max_seq_len,
-        max_seq_len,
-        dropout_p=0.0,
-        softmax_scale=scale,
-        causal=True,
-        return_softmax=False,
-    )
-
-    cu_seq_lens = cu_seq_lens.cpu().tolist()
     ref_output = ref_multi_query_kv_attention(
         cu_seq_lens,
         query,
@@ -277,8 +270,8 @@ def test_attention(seed: int) -> None:
     # the test fails due to the precision issue. Re-run the test if it fails.
     torch.random.manual_seed(seed)
     torch.cuda.manual_seed(seed)
-    for dtype in [torch.half, torch.float]:
-        for block_size in [8, 16, 32]:
+    for dtype in [torch.half, torch.bfloat16]:
+        for block_size in [8, 16, 32, 64]:
             for head_size in [32, 64, 80, 96, 128, 160, 192, 256]:
                 print(f'Testing single_query_cached_kv_attention with '
                       f'dtype={dtype}, block_size={block_size}, '
@@ -292,14 +285,12 @@ def test_attention(seed: int) -> None:
                     dtype=dtype,
                 )
 
-    # NOTE(woosuk): FlashAttention does not support FP32.
-    for dtype in [torch.half]:
-        # NOTE(woosuk): FlashAttention does not support head_size > 128.
-        for head_size in [64, 80, 96, 128]:
+    for dtype in [torch.half, torch.bfloat16]:
+        for head_size in [32, 64, 80, 96, 128, 160, 192, 256]:
             print(f'Testing multi_query_kv_attention with dtype={dtype}, '
                   f'head_size={head_size}')
             test_multi_query_kv_attention(
-                num_seqs=11,
+                num_seqs=5,
                 num_heads=3,
                 head_size=head_size,
                 dtype=dtype,
diff --git a/tests/kernels/cache.py b/tests/kernels/cache.py
index f444ac16..b750ca97 100644
--- a/tests/kernels/cache.py
+++ b/tests/kernels/cache.py
@@ -142,15 +142,16 @@ def test_gather_cached_kv(
 
 @torch.inference_mode()
 def test_cache() -> None:
-    test_copy_blocks(
-        num_mappings=23, num_layers=7, num_heads=17, head_size=16,
-        block_size=8, num_blocks=1024, dtype=torch.half)
-    test_reshape_and_cache(
-        num_tokens=3, num_heads=2, head_size=16, block_size=8, num_blocks=2,
-        dtype=torch.half)
-    test_gather_cached_kv(
-        num_tokens=3, num_heads=2, head_size=16, block_size=8, num_blocks=2,
-        dtype=torch.half)
+    for dtype in [torch.half, torch.bfloat16, torch.float]:
+        test_copy_blocks(
+            num_mappings=23, num_layers=7, num_heads=17, head_size=16,
+            block_size=8, num_blocks=1024, dtype=dtype)
+        test_reshape_and_cache(
+            num_tokens=3, num_heads=2, head_size=16, block_size=8, num_blocks=2,
+            dtype=dtype)
+        test_gather_cached_kv(
+            num_tokens=3, num_heads=2, head_size=16, block_size=8, num_blocks=2,
+            dtype=dtype)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/tests/kernels/layernorm.py b/tests/kernels/layernorm.py
index 0e0072d8..a61fa9b6 100644
--- a/tests/kernels/layernorm.py
+++ b/tests/kernels/layernorm.py
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ class RefRMSNorm(nn.Module):
 
     def __init__(self, hidden_size, eps=1e-6):
         super().__init__()
-        weight = torch.randn(hidden_size) / (hidden_size ** 0.5)
+        weight = torch.empty(hidden_size)
+        weight.uniform_(-1e-3, 1e-3)
         self.weight = nn.Parameter(weight)
         self.variance_epsilon = eps
 
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ def test_rms_norm(
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    for dtype in [torch.half, torch.float]:
+    for dtype in [torch.half, torch.bfloat16, torch.float]:
         for num_tokens in [7, 128, 2048]:
             for hidden_size in [13, 64, 1024, 5120]:
                 print(f'Testing RMS kernel with dtype={dtype}, num_tokens='
diff --git a/tests/kernels/pos_encoding.py b/tests/kernels/pos_encoding.py
index 11fd6695..16b3992a 100644
--- a/tests/kernels/pos_encoding.py
+++ b/tests/kernels/pos_encoding.py
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ def test_rotary_embedding_neox(
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    for dtype in [torch.half, torch.float]:
+    for dtype in [torch.half, torch.bfloat16, torch.float]:
         for head_size in [32, 64, 80, 96, 128, 160, 192, 256]:
             print(f'Running tests for head_size={head_size} and dtype={dtype}')
             test_rotary_embedding_neox(